Organization | • | Illinois State Water Survey | [X] |
| | | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 1985 | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | Cambrian and Ordovician strata provide much of the groundwater supplyfor approximately 250 municipalities and 150 industries in the northern halfof Illinois. This report represents the cooperative effort of the IllinoisState Water Survey, Illinois State Geological Survey, and U.S. GeologicalSurvey to provide a current hydrogeologic evaluation of this water resource. | | | | Date Created: | 9 24 2004 | | | | Agency ID: | COOP-10 | | | | ISL ID: | 000000000796 Original UID: 999999993857 FIRST WORD: Geology, | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 1976 | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | An estimated 23.3 million gallons of water is pumped from the aquifers of Champaign County each day to satisfy industrial, municipal, domestic, and rural needs. A much larger quantity of water, perhaps as much as 90 million gallons a day (mgd), could probably be withdrawn without overdevelopment. Maps and tables indicating the probable maximum depths of wells, water levels, chemical quality, and general groundwater conditions for each water-bearing unit at specific locations are presented to serve as a guide in the development and utilization of the groundwater resources of Champaign County. | | | | Date Created: | 5 20 2005 | | | | Agency ID: | C-124 | | | | ISL ID: | 000000000742 Original UID: 999999993781 FIRST WORD: Groundwater | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 2004 | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | Groundwater Conditions of the Principal Aquifers of Lee, Whiteside, Bureau, and Henry Counties, Illinois by Stephen L. Burch A large supply of groundwater occurs in a buried aquifer lying in the bedrock valley of the ancestral Mississippi River. This deposit, known as the Sankoty sand, supplies many irrigation wells and underlies more than 750 square miles (sq mi). A shallower and less extensive aquifer, the Tampico, occurs near the surface and underlies more than 480 sq mi. This study defines the regional groundwater flow patterns for these two aquifers in northwestern Illinois and reports the results of measuring groundwater levels in observation wells. The Tampico aquifer is separated from the underlying Sankoty aquifer by an intervening layer of clay or clays. Groundwater within the upper unit exists under unconfined conditions (that is, at atmospheric pressure). The saturated sands comprising the Tampico aquifer are typically 30 to 40 feet thick and are tapped by shallow wells or sandpoints. The Sankoty sand is 100 to 150 feet thick and is commonly used in irrigation wells in Illinois. Groundwater within this unit is pressurized and occurs under confined conditions. The pressure head in the aquifer declines from an elevation of about 670 feet near the town of Ohio to less than 570 feet near Albany along the Mississippi River. A steeper gradient occurs as groundwater flows toward a second outlet near Hennepin. As a result, groundwater elevations decline to levels below 450 feet where the aquifer discharges to the Illinois River. Pumpage during the summer months, largely from irrigation wells, causes groundwater levels in the Sankoty aquifer to decline 11 to 13 feet. The area of greatest drawdown extends from Tampico to Walnut, Illinois. Groundwater levels in the Tampico aquifer do not decline as much. A decline of 3 to 3.5 feet is common in the aquifer's water table. Irrigation wells annually withdraw an estimated 21,000 acre-feet of groundwater. Although the Sankoty aquifer is favored for irrigation, the actual distribution percentage for each aquifer is unknown. No significant, regional water-quality problems were detected in samples collected from either aquifer. The groundwater in both aquifers is of a calcium-bicarbonate type. The water is very hard, with an average value of 306 milligrams per liter (mg/L) in the Sankoty aquifer and 329 mg/L in the overlying Tampico aquifer. The quality of samples from the Sankoty aquifer was excellent, although they contained more iron and are more alkaline than samples from the Tampico aquifer. No discernible patterns were observed in the distribution of total dissolved solids (TDS) values for either aquifer. The average TDS value for water samples was 435 mg/L (Tampico aquifer) and 363 mg/L (Sankoty aquifer). Groundwater in the Tampico aquifer was usually of excellent quality, but it sometimes contained nitrates. | | | | Date Created: | 12 8 2004 | | | | Agency ID: | DCS-2004-01 | | | | ISL ID: | 000000000905 Original UID: 999999994435 FIRST WORD: Groundwater | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 1980 | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | Driven by the force of gravity, water continually moves between the land surface and the subsurface environments. Our knowledge of this process is limited by the large number of interdependent factors involved. A better understanding of these factors and their effects is needed if we are to effectively manage our water resources in a comprehensive manner.This study addresses the problem by quantifying the groundwater contributionto streamflow over a large range of discharges for 78 watersheds in Illinois.Quantification is the first step toward understanding the dynamics of thiscomplex phenomenon. | | | | Date Created: | 9 24 2004 | | | | Agency ID: | CR-246 | | | | ISL ID: | 000000000791 Original UID: 999999993278 FIRST WORD: Groundwater | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 1999 | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | In 1997, the Illinois State Water Survey, at the request of the University of Illinois, initiated a test drilling project that included the construction of several 2-inch diameter observation wells at two sites on the Urbana-Champaign campus. The project concentrated on two areas in which cooling water was needed by the University the North Chiller Plant and the Abbott Power Plant. The purpose of the project was to determine whether sufficient ground-water resources could be located from which to develop a water supply. Exploration at both sites focused on sand-and-gravel materials within the Glasford Formation of Illinoian Age. The main area of interest was the North Chiller Plant at the intersection of Clark and Mathews Streets in Urbana, located in the SE of Section 7, T.19N, R.9E. (Urbana Township), Champaign County. If warranted by test drilling results, a seven-day aquifer test was proposed at the site to investigate the potential of pumping approximately 500 gallons per minute (gpm) from production wells. An area of secondary interest was the Abbott Power Plant between Armory and Gregory Streets and just east of the Illinois Central railroad tracks, located in Section 13, T.19N., R.8E. (Champaign Township). Testing at the Abbott site, if warranted, would examine the feasibility of developing 200 gpm from production wells. Exploratory test drilling at both sites, along with additional information from earlier reports and data on file, led to the following conclusions. The Glasford aquifer is present at most sites across the University of Illinois campus, although it varies considerably in both thickness and texture. The texture of the deposit appears to be finer in test holes south of Green Street. The top of the Glasford sand, near University Avenue, commonly occurs at elevations of 615 to 620 feet. However, the top of the sand at the Abbott Power Plant occurs much lower; the top of the aquifer occurs at about 595 feet. The bottom of the sand is more uniform and occurs at both plants at an elevation of approximately 565 feet. A shallower sand occurs at an elevation of about 640 feet, that is not considered part of the Glasford aquifer. It appears oxidized and occurs just below a very dark brown zone, presumably the Robein Silt. The depth to water in study wells finished in the Glasford aquifer is about 115 feet. Ground-water levels in the Glasford aquifer have a natural fluctuation of about 1 to 2 feet in the test holes. Water levels at the North Chiller Plant did not appear to have been affected significantly by water withdrawals at the Northern Illinois Water Corporation East Well Field. Levels were observed to be similar to levels reported in the 1930s. Water in the Glasford aquifer tends to be alkaline, very hard, high in iron concentration, and at a nearly constant temperature of about 57 degrees F. Although there had been some concern about potential contamination of the Glasford aquifer from fuel spills at the Abbott Power Plant, no contamination was evident in samples taken from test wells constructed for this project. Despite their relative proximity to the former locations of University Wells 10 and 11, no test holes drilled near the North Chiller Plant and Beckman Institute indicated a sufficient thickness of suitable sand material in the Glasford aquifer to warrant construction of a test well to conduct an aquifer test at the desired rate of 500 gpm. Test drilling at the Abbott Power Plant indicated a sufficient thickness of Glasford aquifer present to warrant an aquifer test at perhaps 100 gpm. Accordingly, well designs are recommended for the construction of two test wells or production wells at that site, which might be capable of producing the desired quantity of 200 gpm. | | | | Date Created: | 9 24 2004 | | | | Agency ID: | CR-636 | | | | ISL ID: | 000000000798 Original UID: 999999994043 FIRST WORD: Ground | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 1963 | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | Systematic measurements of ground-water levels in Illinois were started in the early 1930s in the Chicago region. Measurements were made in 1961 in 220 observation wells in 42 counties throughout the state. In areas remote from pumping centers, no long-term continuing trends of general rise or decline of the water table are discernible. A large part of central and southern Illinois experienced a severe drought beginning early in 1952 and ending in most areas during the spring of 1955. As a result, ground-water levels declined to record-low stages especially in the southern one-half of Illinois. However, large quantities of ground water taken from storage within the ground-water reservoir were replenished during succeeding years as precipitation increased. In heavily pumped areas, changes in water levels caused by pumping are superimposed on seasonal and secular fluctuations due to natural phenomena.In some instances large developments of ground water have caused pronounced and serious declines of water levels. There are many areas of ground-water development where serious water-level declines have not occurred. | | | | Date Created: | 9 24 2004 | | | | Agency ID: | RI-45 | | | | ISL ID: | 000000000928 Original UID: 999999993909 FIRST WORD: Ground | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 1991 | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | In the last decade, Illinois has seen many changed attitudes and laws governing the use and withdrawal of ground water. Almost certainly, the next decade will see continued change as the legal structure is adapted to increasing demand for ground water and to the resultant and growing pressures on our ground-water resources. This report summarizes groundwater quantity laws and management programs in Illinois and a number of other states. It compares the present system in Illinois with those in other states and lists recommendations for improvements in Illinois laws. | | | | Date Created: | 9 24 2004 | | | | Agency ID: | RI-114 | | | | ISL ID: | 000000000937 Original UID: 999999993977 FIRST WORD: Ground | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 1965 | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | Recharge conditions in several areas of northeastern Illinois are described, and recharge rates for several aquifers in central and southern Illinois are given. Recharge rates to deeply buried bedrock and sand-and-gravel aquifers vary from 1300 to 500,000 gallons per day per square mile (gpd/sq mi). The lowest rate is for an area where the Cambrian-Ordovician Aquifer is overlain by the Maquoketa Formation consisting mostly of shale; the highest rate is for an area where a sand-and-gravel aquifer is overlain by permeable coarse-grained deposits. Groundwater recharge generally is at a maximum during wet spring months; in many years there is little recharge during the five-month period July through November. The theoretical aspects of recharge from precipitation are discussed; recharge rates vary with the coefficient of vertical permeability, the vertical head loss associated with recharge, and the saturated thickness of deposits through which vertical leakage of water occurs. Recharge rates are not constant but vary in space and time. A summary of coefficients of vertical permeability and leakage of deposits overlying aquifers within the state is presented. Coefficients of vertical permeability of glacial deposits range from 1.60 to 0.01 gallons per day per square foot (gpd/sq ft). The average coefficient of vertical permeability of the Maquoketa Formation is 0.00005 gpd/sq ft. Coefficients of leakage of glacial deposits and bedrock confining beds range from 2.3 x 10-1 to 2.5 x 10-7. Annual ground-water runoff from 109 drainage basins scattered throughout Illinois is estimated with streamflow hydrograph separation methods and flow-duration curves. The relations between groundwater runoffs during years of near, below, and above normal precipitation and basin characteristics such as geologic environment, topography, and land use were determined by statistical analysis. Groundwater runoff is greatest from glaciated and unglaciated basins having considerable surface sand and gravel and underlain by permeable bedrock. Groundwater runoff is least from glaciated basins with surface lakebed sediments and underlain by impermeable bedrock. Groundwater runoff during a year of near normal precipitation ranges from 0.06 to 0.43 cubic feet per second per square mile (cfs/sq mi). Groundwater runoff is at a maximum during spring and early summer months, and is least in late summer and fall months. Annual groundwater runoff depends upon antecedent moisture conditions as well as the amount and distribution of annual precipitation. Because many aquifers in Illinois are deeply buried, not all groundwater runoff can be diverted into cones of depression because there is some lateral as well as vertical movement of water in surface deposits. Data on groundwater runoff can be useful in estimating recharge to aquifers and in evaluating the potential yield of groundwater reservoirs. However, studies indicate that no simple relation exists between groundwater runoff and the potential or practical sustained yields of aquifers. | | | | Date Created: | 9 24 2004 | | | | Agency ID: | RI-48 | | | | ISL ID: | 000000000930 Original UID: 999999993912 FIRST WORD: Ground | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 1950 | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | This investigation is part of a state - wide investigation of groundwater resources being conducted by the State Water Survey Division. Records of more than 1400 wells have been tabulated. These wells penetrate one or more of three separate and distinct aquifers within the glacial drift . The three aquifers penetrated by wells in this are a have unrelated hydrostatic heads. The average daily pumpage from the middle deposits, the major producing aquifer considered in this report, was 7.917 million gallons. It was estimated that a total of 67,812 million gallons of water has been pumped from this aquifer. Water level pressure contour maps of the upper and middle waterbearing deposits show no similarity. Sufficient data are not available to permit the construction of a pressure contour map of the lower deposits. Values of the coefficients of transmissibility and storage have been determined. Values of the coefficient of transmissibility ranged from 10,000 to 400,000 and averaged about 40,000. Values of the coefficient of storage ranged from 0.00024 for short periods to 0.0065 for a 46 year period, the longest for which records are available. Using a coefficient of storage of 0.0065 it was determined that the amount of water removed from storage since pumping began was about 3,187 million gallons or about 5 percent of the total amount of groundwater withdrawn. The amount of inflow into the heavily pumped area at Champaign-Urbana is about equal to the 1948 rate of withdrawal indicating little if any recharge within the 630 contour of the cone of depression. The steep hydraulic gradient and low water levels near the area of heavy withdrawal, together with continued water level recession, suggests that the middle deposits at Champaign-Urbana have been developed to their maximum transmission rate and that some lessening of the rate of withdrawal would be necessary to maintain constant operating water levels. | | | | Date Created: | 1 9 2006 | | | | Agency ID: | RI-6 | | | | ISL ID: | 000000000917 Original UID: 999999993871 FIRST WORD: Groundwater | |
| | | Title: | | | | | Volume/Number: | 1969 | | | | Issuing Agency: | | | | | Description: | The buried Mahomet Bedrock Valley and its major tributaries cover an area of about 3700 square miles in east-central Illinois. Large supplies of groundwater chiefly for municipal use are withdrawn from wells in permeable sands and gravels in thick deposits of glacial drift in the area. The glacial drift exceeds 400 feet in thickness in places. The largest source of groundwater consists of the sands and gravels of the Kansan deposits, called the deep aquifer, which occupy the deepest portions of the Mahomet Valley channel. Intercalated in the glacial drift above the Kansan deposits are sands and gravels of the Illinoian deposits, called the middle aquifer. The middle aquifer is a secondary source of groundwater. The coefficients of permeability and storage for the middle aquifer range from 230 to 4080 gallons per day per square foot (gpd/sq ft) and from 0.00001 to 0.083, respectively. They range from 310 to 4100 gpd/sq ft and from 0.000022 to 0.0023, respectively, for the deep aquifer. The coefficients of the vertical permeability of the confining beds above the middle and deep aquifers range from 0.0026 to 0.04 gpd/sq ft and 0.005 to 0.42 gpd/sq ft, respectively. Pumpage from wells increased from 8.5 million gallons per day (mgd) in 1890 to 46.3 mgd in 1960 and was 40.2 mgd in 1965. Of the 1965 total pumpage, 64.2 percent was for municipal supplies, 19.1 percent was for rural uses, and 16.7 percent was for industrial use. Wells in the deep aquifer accounted for 49.3 percent of the 1965 total; wells in the middle aquifer, 31.8 percent; wells in shallow unconsolidated deposits, 17.4 percent; and wells in bedrock aquifers, 1.5 percent. Major pumping centers with pumpage exceeding 1 mgd are located at Champaign-Urbana, Rantoul, Lincoln, Taylorville, and Hoopeston. As a result of heavy pumpage, water levels in the middle aquifer at Champaign-Urbana declined as much as 100 feet between 1885 and 1947. Subsequent shifting of pumpage to the deep aquifer west of Champaign resulted in water levels in the middle aquifer recovering from 30 to 55 feet. Because of increased withdrawals, water levels in the deep aquifer declined some 35 feet during 1948- 1963. Recovery of water levels in 1964 and 1965 resulted from a decline in pumpage. Similar though smaller water-level declines have occurred in many of the other pumping centers in the Mahomet Valley area. Recharge to buried aquifers in the Mahomet Valley occurs chiefly as leakage of water from a source bed in the shallow deposits across a confining layer. Potential recharge to these aquifers, considering only available head losses across the confining layers, is great. Computations for the Illinoian aquifer at Champaign-Urbana indicate a recharge rate of 115,000 gpd/sq mi in 1947. Similar computations for the Kansan aquifer west of Champaign during the period 1953 through 1965 indicated an average recharge rate of 107,000 gpd/sq mi. Total groundwater runoff for the valley is estimated to be about 740 mgd during years of normal precipitation. It is not unreasonable to assume that existing and/or future pumping centers could capture 60 percent of groundwater runoff, or 445 mgd. An electric analog computer consisting of an analog model and associated electronic equipment was constructed for the middle and deep aquifers and their confining and source beds in the vicinity of Champaign-Urbana to aid in studying the effects of groundwater pumpage on water levels in the Mahomet Valley. The accuracy of the computer was established by a study of records of past pumpage and water levels in three observation wells. The analog computer was used to determine pumping levels with a selected scheme of pumping from existing and future large capacity wells in the Kansan aquifer west of Champaign. Withdrawals with the selected pumping scheme would total 30.3 mgd from existing large capacity wells and 15 mgd from five future wells; pumping levels would be above the top of the Kansan aquifer. | | | | Date Created: | 5 18 2005 | | | | Agency ID: | RI-62 | | | | ISL ID: | 000000000931 Original UID: 999999993927 FIRST WORD: Groundwater | |
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